Parabens have demonstrated evidence of endocrine disruption, primarily through animal and in vitro studies. While certain parabens are banned in cosmetic products in the E.U. and various Asian countries, parabens are considered GRAS in the U.S. up to specified amounts. However, many food and cosmetic manufacturers are removing parabens from their formulations due to public concern. While human clinical trials are lacking, evidence of environmental exposure to parabens and in vitro results warrants caution, as certain parabens appear to affect negatively affect estrogen which could be implicated in the pathogenesis of breast cancer.