Propylene glycol is primarily metabolized into lactate and pyruvate in the body, and has been suspected in various cases of metabolic acidosis from high consumption of products and medications containing it. Such cases have led Fireball Whisky, which previously used propylene glycol in their recipe, to recall their whiskey and eliminate it completely from use in their products in 2018. While the European Union limits propylene glycol to 1g/kg in food, the US FDA allows for approximately 50g/kg in foods. Various animal studies have demonstrated toxic effects only when administered at extremely large dosages that are much more than an average would consume. Other health concerns reported from high consumption of propylene glycol have included contact dermatitis, neurological symptoms, and changes in heart rate. Vulnerable populations such as children appear to be more sensitive to propylene glycol, and avoiding highly processed foods can limit exposure.